');background-position:center right 1rem;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:1rem;border:var(--idf-border-width-1) solid var(--idf-color-neutral-400);border-radius:var(--idf-border-radius-s);-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;color:var(--idf-color-neutral-700);cursor:pointer;font:unset;height:4rem;padding:var(--idf-spacing-2) var(--idf-spacing-5) var(--idf-spacing-2) var(--idf-spacing-2);-webkit-transition:all .35s ease;transition:all .35s ease;width:100%}.idf-select__select[data-v-ac59e232]:disabled,.idf-select__select[disabled][data-v-ac59e232]{background-color:var(--idf-color-neutral-100);background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8, 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transparent}.idf-slider__container[data-v-63cbc747]{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;justify-items:flex-start;overflow-x:auto;white-space:nowrap}.idf-slider__container[data-v-63cbc747]>*{-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0}.idf-slideshow[data-v-cb408abf]{position:relative}.idf-slideshow__btn[data-v-cb408abf]{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;background:none;border:none;cursor:pointer;height:5.6rem;justify-content:center;margin:0;outline:none;padding:0;position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translateY(-50%);transform:translateY(-50%);-webkit-transition:height var(--idf-transition-speed-1) ease;transition:height var(--idf-transition-speed-1) ease;-webkit-transition:width var(--idf-transition-speed-1) ease;transition:width var(--idf-transition-speed-1) ease;width:5.6rem;z-index:var(--idf-z-index-default)}.idf-slideshow__btn--prev[data-v-cb408abf]{left:1.6rem;top:50%}.idf-slideshow__btn--next[data-v-cb408abf]{right:1.6rem;top:50%}.idf-slideshow__btn--disabled[data-v-cb408abf]{color:var(--idf-color-inactive-100)}.idf-slideshow__btn--disabled[data-v-cb408abf]:hover{cursor:default}.idf-slideshow__holder[data-v-cb408abf]{overflow:hidden}@media only screen and (min-width:576px){.idf-slideshow__holder[data-v-cb408abf]{padding:0}}.idf-slideshow__group-list[data-v-cb408abf]{border-radius:var(--idf-border-radius-s);overflow:hidden}.idf-slideshow__list[data-v-cb408abf]{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-flow:row;flex-flow:row;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform var(--idf-slideshow-timing) ease;transition:-webkit-transform var(--idf-slideshow-timing) ease;transition:transform var(--idf-slideshow-timing) 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100%}.idf-slideshow__indicator[data-v-cb408abf]{background-color:var(--idf-color-neutral-100);border-radius:100px;bottom:1.6rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;gap:var(--idf-spacing-1);padding:var(--idf-spacing-2);position:absolute;right:1.6rem;z-index:var(--idf-z-index-default)}.idf-slideshow__indicator-dot[data-v-cb408abf]{background-color:var(--idf-color-neutral-400);border-radius:100%;height:var(--idf-spacing-2);width:var(--idf-spacing-2)}.idf-slideshow__indicator-dot[data-v-cb408abf]:hover{background-color:var(--idf-color-neutral-700);cursor:pointer}.idf-slideshow__indicator-dot.active[data-v-cb408abf]{background-color:var(--idf-color-main-400)}.idf-standard-inputs[data-v-83079502]{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}.idf-standard-inputs-message[data-v-83079502]{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;font-size:1.2rem;margin-top:.4rem}.idf-standard-inputs-label[data-v-83079502]{font-size:var(--idf-font-size-m);line-height:var(--idf-line-height-m);margin-bottom:var(--idf-spacing-1)}.idf-standard-inputs-label[data-v-83079502] .idf-text-icon{font-weight:700}.idf-standard-inputs[data-v-83079502] .idf-text-icon{color:var(--idf-color-neutral-700)}.idf-standard-inputs[data-v-83079502] .idf-text-icon svg{-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;height:1.8rem;margin-top:.3rem;width:1.8rem}.idf-standard-inputs[data-v-83079502] .idf-text-icon svg path{fill:currentColor}.idf-standard-inputs.has-error .idf-standard-inputs-message[data-v-83079502] path{fill:var(--idf-color-error-400)}.idf-standard-inputs.is-disabled[data-v-83079502] .idf-text-icon{color:#d2d2d2;pointer-events:none}.idf-standard-inputs.is-mandatory .idf-standard-inputs-label[data-v-83079502]{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex}.idf-standard-inputs.is-mandatory .idf-standard-inputs-label[data-v-83079502]:after{color:var(--idf-color-error-400);content:" *";white-space:pre}.idf-read-more__button[data-v-aa68187c]{-webkit-appearance:unset;-moz-appearance:unset;appearance:unset;background-color:unset;border:unset;cursor:pointer;font:unset;padding:unset;text-align:unset;--idf-read-more-background:linear-gradient(180deg,hsla(0,0%,100%,.25),#fff 75%);position:relative;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;color:var(--idf-color-neutral-700);display:var(--idf-read-more-btn-display);font-weight:700;justify-content:center;width:100%}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.idf-read-more__button[data-v-aa68187c]{display:var(--idf-read-more-md-btn-display)}}.idf-read-more__button--left[data-v-aa68187c]{-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start}.idf-read-more__button-label[data-v-aa68187c]{position:relative}.idf-read-more__button[data-v-aa68187c]:focus,.idf-read-more__button[data-v-aa68187c]:hover{text-decoration:underline}.idf-read-more__button[data-v-aa68187c]:before{background:var(--idf-read-more-background);bottom:0;content:"";height:calc(var(--idf-read-more-line-height)*var(--idf-read-more-masked-lines));left:0;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;right:0;-webkit-transition:height var(--idf-transition-speed-1) ease;transition:height var(--idf-transition-speed-1) ease}.idf-read-more__button.secondary-gradient[data-v-aa68187c]:before{--idf-read-more-background:linear-gradient(180deg,hsla(60,13%,94%,0),#f2f2ee 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(min-width:768px){.idf-read-more__wrapper--has-content-to-expand[data-v-aa68187c]{max-height:calc(var(--idf-read-more-line-height)*var(--idf-read-more-md-max-shown-lines))}}.idf-anchor-navigation[data-v-4b611517]{background:var(--idf-color-neutral-100);border-radius:var(--idf-border-radius-m);-webkit-box-shadow:var(--idf-shadow-light);box-shadow:var(--idf-shadow-light);position:sticky;top:0;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;width:100%}.idf-anchor-navigation__title[data-v-4b611517]{font-weight:700}.idf-anchor-navigation__icon[data-v-4b611517]{-webkit-transform:rotate(180deg);transform:rotate(180deg);-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .35s ease;transition:-webkit-transform .35s ease;transition:transform .35s ease;transition:transform .35s ease,-webkit-transform .35s 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Accueil Toutes les actualités agricoles Analyser l’environnement pour choisir la technique d’effarouchement aviaire adaptée Analyser l’environnement pour choisir la technique d’effarouchement aviaire adaptée Chaque problématique aviaire est unique. Afin de bien appréhender une zone à protéger contre les dégâts d'oiseaux, il faut savoir quels éléments observer. Il sera ensuite plus aisé de choisir une solution adaptée et de savoir où la positionner.
L'ESPÈCE Les espèces d’oiseaux causant des dégâts sur les cultures sont principalement les corvidés (choucas des tours, corneilles noires, corbeaux freux), les columbidés (pigeons ramier, pigeons biset, tourterelles) et les étourneaux .
Chacune de ces espèces a ses propres particularités . Sa façon de vivre (en larges groupes, en petits groupes ou de manière isolée), son habitat, sa façon de se nourrir, son rythme de vie (diurne ou nocturne), etc.
De plus, certaines espèces sont protégées et il n'est donc pas permis d'utiliser toutes les techniques d'effarouchement disponibles sans autorisation préalable (les choucas des tours ou les goélands argentés par exemple).
LA SAISON La pression exercée par les oiseaux varie grandement en fonction des saisons. D'octobre à mars, par exemple, les étourneaux migrateurs rejoignent les populations sédentaires pour former des "super-dortoirs". Ils sont alors très visibles dans les centres urbains et à proximité des bâtiments d'élevage .
Les goélands quant à eux, peuvent choisir comme site de reproduction la toiture de votre immeuble. Ils apprécient particulièrement les toitures planes des immeubles des villes du littoral. Il est conseillé d’attendre la fin de la période de reproduction pour mettre en place une solution d'effarouchement.
Dans le domaine agricole, la période des semis correspond à la période des naissances des jeunes corvidés. Les corbeaux, corneilles et choucas trouvent alors dans les parcelles agricoles de quoi nourrir leur progéniture. Les pigeons causent aussi à ce moment de l’année, de gros dégâts dans les parcelles de tournesol fraichement semées.
L'ENVIRONNEMENT L'étude de l'environnement va permettre de déterminer le type de pression auquel la zone est exposée. Elle va aussi déterminer quel(s) type(s) de solution(s) d'effarouchement il faudra installer et à quel moment.
En zone urbaine , les oiseaux recherchent de la nourriture, de la chaleur l'hiver ou encore une protection contre certains prédateurs. L'éclairage public leur permet aussi de mieux appréhender les dangers possibles. Les oiseaux « de villes » peuvent être insensibles aux signaux d’effarouchement, car ils sont déjà habitués à vivre dans une atmosphère très bruyante (klaxons, musique …) En zone rurale , les oiseaux sont habitués à un environnement sonore calme et ils seront plus sensibles aux effaroucheurs sonores.
La présence d'une source de nourriture est un facteur important pour mesurer la pression des oiseaux. Il va être particulièrement difficile de les faire quitter des zones où ils peuvent avoir un libre accès à de la nourriture. Par exemple dans les mangeoires des bâtiments d'élevage, dans les zones de stockage des céréales ouvertes, dans les endroits où les poubelles ne sont pas fermées, etc.
S’il n’y a pas de nourriture sur le zone, il faut se demander ce que viennent chercher les oiseaux. Il est en général plus aisé de les faire quitter un endroit où ils ne font que se poser ou se percher , car ils trouveront facilement un lieu alternatif pour le faire.
Enfin, tout comme la présence de nourriture, la présence de nids va indiquer un fort attachement au territoire. Pour certaines espèces, il n'est pas autorisé de détruire les nids. Il faut alors attendre la fin de la période de reproduction pour rendre la zone inhospitalière et éviter qu'ils ne s'y réinstallent l'année prochaine.
LE COMPORTEMENT DES OISEAUX ET L'EFFICACITÉ DE LA PROTECTION Il n'existe pas encore une solution universelle, qui éloignerait toutes les espèces de tous les environnements possibles. Il n'est pas non plus possible de dire à l'avance si telle ou telle solution sera efficace à 100%. En effet, les oiseaux sont des êtres vivants, évoluant dans des environnements ayant chacun leurs spécificités.
Toutefois, il est possible d’évaluer la pression exercée pour avoir une idée de l’effort à déployer pour que les volatiles quittent la zone à protéger. Le graphique présenté ici nous donne une représentation de ces niveaux de pressions.
Si les oiseaux viennent se nourrir sur la zone, il est probable qu’il soit nécessaire de mettre en œuvre plusieurs moyens d’effarouchement, en combinant par exemple, l’effarouchement sonore et visuel. Pour des sites de nidification, la solution choisie alliera peut-être effarouchement sonore et barrières physiques. Des actions de stérilisation des nids seront peut-être envisagées en parallèle. Si les oiseaux ne font que se poser sur une partie de bâtiment, des ballons ou des rubans effaroucheurs peuvent suffire.
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