');background-position:center right 1rem;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:1rem;border:var(--idf-border-width-1) solid var(--idf-color-neutral-400);border-radius:var(--idf-border-radius-s);-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;color:var(--idf-color-neutral-700);cursor:pointer;font:unset;height:4rem;padding:var(--idf-spacing-2) var(--idf-spacing-5) var(--idf-spacing-2) var(--idf-spacing-2);-webkit-transition:all .35s ease;transition:all .35s ease;width:100%}.idf-select__select[data-v-91554806]:disabled,.idf-select__select[disabled][data-v-91554806]{background-color:var(--idf-color-neutral-100);background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8, 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100%}.idf-slideshow__indicator[data-v-cb408abf]{background-color:var(--idf-color-neutral-100);border-radius:100px;bottom:1.6rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;gap:var(--idf-spacing-1);padding:var(--idf-spacing-2);position:absolute;right:1.6rem;z-index:var(--idf-z-index-default)}.idf-slideshow__indicator-dot[data-v-cb408abf]{background-color:var(--idf-color-neutral-400);border-radius:100%;height:var(--idf-spacing-2);width:var(--idf-spacing-2)}.idf-slideshow__indicator-dot[data-v-cb408abf]:hover{background-color:var(--idf-color-neutral-700);cursor:pointer}.idf-slideshow__indicator-dot.active[data-v-cb408abf]{background-color:var(--idf-color-main-400)}.idf-slider__container[data-v-63cbc747]{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;justify-items:flex-start;overflow-x:auto;white-space:nowrap}.idf-slider__container[data-v-63cbc747]>*{-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0}.idf-standard-inputs[data-v-2c836b79]{--idf-icon-fill-color:currentColor;color:var(--idf-color-neutral-700);display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}.idf-standard-inputs-message[data-v-2c836b79]{-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:var(--idf-spacing-1)}.idf-standard-inputs-label[data-v-2c836b79]{font-weight:700;margin-bottom:var(--idf-spacing-1)}.idf-standard-inputs[data-v-2c836b79] 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Accueil Toutes les actualités agricoles Banc d’essai : Le désherbage électrique Banc d’essai : Le désherbage électrique © Arvalis Le désherbage électrique pourrait être une alternative intéressante au glyphosate. Les premiers essais et démonstrations réalisés en France mettent en évidence une dépendance aux conditions climatiques et au stade de développement de la végétation.
La curieuse machine de désherbage électrique de l’entreprise Zasso devrait être commercialisée en France dès 2020. En attendant, le X-Power de son nom, a été présenté en démonstration dans plusieurs régions agricoles. La ferme expérimentale Arvalis de Lorraine a notamment pu le tester pour détruire les couverts végétaux. « Nous avons expérimenté le X-Power dans trois contextes climatiques différents. Il y a eu des bons résultats, mais nous avons aussi pu observer que cette technique ne marchera pas dans 100 % des cas » explique Pascaline Pierson, ingénieure régionale Lorraine au sein de l’institut technique.
Des résultats parfois meilleurs que le glyphosate Le premier essai s’est déroulé lors de l’automne 2018. À cette période, les conditions climatiques étaient sèches et les couverts végétaux peu développés. Un contexte idéal pour le désherbage électrique. « Nous avons constaté un taux de destruction de 80 à 90 % du couvert après le passage de X-Power. Le résultat était meilleur que pour la parcelle traitée au glyphosate » affirme l’ingénieur régionale.
L’humidité réduit l’efficacité du désherbage électrique C’est lors du deuxième essai que les difficultés sont apparues. Ce dernier s’est déroulé au printemps 2018 dans des conditions humides. Le taux de destruction n’a été que de 30 à 40 % des végétaux. « Avec l’humidité, l’électricité se disperse et la machine est moins efficace » explique Pascaline Pierson. Autre différence avec l’essai de l’automne 2018, le couvert était fortement développé. Or le désherbage électrique traverse la plante sur toute sa longueur pour détruire les cellules jusque dans la racine. Lorsque les végétaux sont plus développés, la distance à parcourir est plus élevée et l’efficacité est réduite.
Des résultats qui varient selon les variétés Les essais de la ferme expérimentale d’Arvalis ont également montré que la réussite du désherbage dépend du contact des applicateurs avec la plante. Plus la surface foliaire est importante et plus le désherbage sera réussi. « Ces deux critères expliquent pourquoi le X-Power n’a pas la même efficacité en fonction des différentes espèces, détaille Pascaline Pierson, les dicotylédones, avec des feuilles plus larges et des racines en pivot, sont plus facilement éliminées par le courant électrique. A l’inverse les graminées, qui possèdent généralement des feuilles étroites et des racines plongeantes, sont plus difficiles à détruire ».
Un débit de chantier assez faible : jusqu’à 1.5 hectare par heure Lors des différents essais de la machine conçue par Zasso, Arvalis a pu tester différents leviers d’actions pour optimiser l’efficacité de l’outil. Le premier d’entre eux est la vitesse de passage dans la parcelle. « La vitesse optimale pour un désherbage électrique est de 4km/h. Avec une machine de 3m, qui a une efficacité effective de 2m60, il est possible de réaliser 1ha à 1,5ha/h » détaille Pascaline Pierson. A cette vitesse, le X-Power nécessite 40 à 50CV/m travaillé et il consomme 15l/ha. Nous avons essayé à 7km/h mais le résultat était moins satisfaisant. Si le couvert est vraiment dense, la vitesse peut être ramenée à 2 km/h » décrit Pascaline Pierson. Autre levier d’action, l’espacement entre les applicateurs peut être modifié selon les conditions de passage.
Des retours d’utilisateurs mitigés après les essais du X-Power de Zasso
Le Geda de Vendée a organisé une démonstration du X-Power de Zasso au printemps dernier. La machine a été testée sur les terres du Gaec Logis de Froutin à Saint Germain de Prinçay. « Le désherbage n’a pas fonctionné du tout. Le lendemain, le bout des feuilles avait légèrement vrillé » commente Tanguy Billaud, l’exploitant. Il reconnaît que la végétation était peut-être trop développée sur la parcelle de dactyle. « Mais, nous avons besoin d’outils qui travaillent à ce stade de développement. L’exploitation est conduite en ACS (agriculture de conservation des sols) et nous semons directement dans les couverts » déclare-t-il. Sur les différents essais réalisés ce jour-là, seul le glyphosate lui a donné satisfaction. Preuve qu’il reste du chemin à faire pour adapter les solutions expérimentales aux conditions réelles…
Retrouvez les produits de désherbage aladin ici .
Ces articles pourraient vous intéresser Les informations délivrées dans la fiche offrent une connaissance générale des maladies et des solutions à envisager. Elles ne peuvent remplacer une observation adaptée des parcelles afin de bien identifier ses caractéristiques propres et la réalité des maladies.
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