');background-position:center right 1rem;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:1rem;border:var(--idf-border-width-1) solid var(--idf-color-neutral-400);border-radius:var(--idf-border-radius-s);-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;color:var(--idf-color-neutral-700);cursor:pointer;font:unset;height:4rem;padding:var(--idf-spacing-2) var(--idf-spacing-5) var(--idf-spacing-2) var(--idf-spacing-2);-webkit-transition:all .35s ease;transition:all .35s ease;width:100%}.idf-select__select[data-v-ac59e232]:disabled,.idf-select__select[disabled][data-v-ac59e232]{background-color:var(--idf-color-neutral-100);background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8, 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transparent}.idf-slider__container[data-v-63cbc747]{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;justify-items:flex-start;overflow-x:auto;white-space:nowrap}.idf-slider__container[data-v-63cbc747]>*{-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0}.idf-slideshow[data-v-cb408abf]{position:relative}.idf-slideshow__btn[data-v-cb408abf]{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;background:none;border:none;cursor:pointer;height:5.6rem;justify-content:center;margin:0;outline:none;padding:0;position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translateY(-50%);transform:translateY(-50%);-webkit-transition:height var(--idf-transition-speed-1) ease;transition:height var(--idf-transition-speed-1) ease;-webkit-transition:width var(--idf-transition-speed-1) ease;transition:width var(--idf-transition-speed-1) ease;width:5.6rem;z-index:var(--idf-z-index-default)}.idf-slideshow__btn--prev[data-v-cb408abf]{left:1.6rem;top:50%}.idf-slideshow__btn--next[data-v-cb408abf]{right:1.6rem;top:50%}.idf-slideshow__btn--disabled[data-v-cb408abf]{color:var(--idf-color-inactive-100)}.idf-slideshow__btn--disabled[data-v-cb408abf]:hover{cursor:default}.idf-slideshow__holder[data-v-cb408abf]{overflow:hidden}@media only screen and (min-width:576px){.idf-slideshow__holder[data-v-cb408abf]{padding:0}}.idf-slideshow__group-list[data-v-cb408abf]{border-radius:var(--idf-border-radius-s);overflow:hidden}.idf-slideshow__list[data-v-cb408abf]{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-flow:row;flex-flow:row;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform var(--idf-slideshow-timing) ease;transition:-webkit-transform var(--idf-slideshow-timing) ease;transition:transform var(--idf-slideshow-timing) 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100%}.idf-slideshow__indicator[data-v-cb408abf]{background-color:var(--idf-color-neutral-100);border-radius:100px;bottom:1.6rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;gap:var(--idf-spacing-1);padding:var(--idf-spacing-2);position:absolute;right:1.6rem;z-index:var(--idf-z-index-default)}.idf-slideshow__indicator-dot[data-v-cb408abf]{background-color:var(--idf-color-neutral-400);border-radius:100%;height:var(--idf-spacing-2);width:var(--idf-spacing-2)}.idf-slideshow__indicator-dot[data-v-cb408abf]:hover{background-color:var(--idf-color-neutral-700);cursor:pointer}.idf-slideshow__indicator-dot.active[data-v-cb408abf]{background-color:var(--idf-color-main-400)}.idf-standard-inputs[data-v-83079502]{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}.idf-standard-inputs-message[data-v-83079502]{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;font-size:1.2rem;margin-top:.4rem}.idf-standard-inputs-label[data-v-83079502]{font-size:var(--idf-font-size-m);line-height:var(--idf-line-height-m);margin-bottom:var(--idf-spacing-1)}.idf-standard-inputs-label[data-v-83079502] .idf-text-icon{font-weight:700}.idf-standard-inputs[data-v-83079502] .idf-text-icon{color:var(--idf-color-neutral-700)}.idf-standard-inputs[data-v-83079502] .idf-text-icon svg{-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;height:1.8rem;margin-top:.3rem;width:1.8rem}.idf-standard-inputs[data-v-83079502] .idf-text-icon svg path{fill:currentColor}.idf-standard-inputs.has-error .idf-standard-inputs-message[data-v-83079502] path{fill:var(--idf-color-error-400)}.idf-standard-inputs.is-disabled[data-v-83079502] .idf-text-icon{color:#d2d2d2;pointer-events:none}.idf-standard-inputs.is-mandatory .idf-standard-inputs-label[data-v-83079502]{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex}.idf-standard-inputs.is-mandatory .idf-standard-inputs-label[data-v-83079502]:after{color:var(--idf-color-error-400);content:" *";white-space:pre}.idf-read-more__button[data-v-aa68187c]{-webkit-appearance:unset;-moz-appearance:unset;appearance:unset;background-color:unset;border:unset;cursor:pointer;font:unset;padding:unset;text-align:unset;--idf-read-more-background:linear-gradient(180deg,hsla(0,0%,100%,.25),#fff 75%);position:relative;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;color:var(--idf-color-neutral-700);display:var(--idf-read-more-btn-display);font-weight:700;justify-content:center;width:100%}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.idf-read-more__button[data-v-aa68187c]{display:var(--idf-read-more-md-btn-display)}}.idf-read-more__button--left[data-v-aa68187c]{-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start}.idf-read-more__button-label[data-v-aa68187c]{position:relative}.idf-read-more__button[data-v-aa68187c]:focus,.idf-read-more__button[data-v-aa68187c]:hover{text-decoration:underline}.idf-read-more__button[data-v-aa68187c]:before{background:var(--idf-read-more-background);bottom:0;content:"";height:calc(var(--idf-read-more-line-height)*var(--idf-read-more-masked-lines));left:0;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;right:0;-webkit-transition:height var(--idf-transition-speed-1) ease;transition:height var(--idf-transition-speed-1) ease}.idf-read-more__button.secondary-gradient[data-v-aa68187c]:before{--idf-read-more-background:linear-gradient(180deg,hsla(60,13%,94%,0),#f2f2ee 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(min-width:768px){.idf-read-more__wrapper--has-content-to-expand[data-v-aa68187c]{max-height:calc(var(--idf-read-more-line-height)*var(--idf-read-more-md-max-shown-lines))}}.idf-anchor-navigation[data-v-4b611517]{background:var(--idf-color-neutral-100);border-radius:var(--idf-border-radius-m);-webkit-box-shadow:var(--idf-shadow-light);box-shadow:var(--idf-shadow-light);position:sticky;top:0;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;width:100%}.idf-anchor-navigation__title[data-v-4b611517]{font-weight:700}.idf-anchor-navigation__icon[data-v-4b611517]{-webkit-transform:rotate(180deg);transform:rotate(180deg);-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .35s ease;transition:-webkit-transform .35s ease;transition:transform .35s ease;transition:transform .35s ease,-webkit-transform .35s 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Accueil Toutes les actualités agricoles Agroforesterie : le bon « plant » de l’agriculture ? Agroforesterie : le bon « plant » de l’agriculture ? Eleveurs dans l’Eure, Corinne et Didier Duedal, ainsi que leur fils Hugo, ont planté 550 arbres sur 17 hectares. Ce projet forestier a mis quelques années pour prendre racine. L’agroforesterie se raisonne à long terme. Cette culture n’arrivera pas à maturité avant cinquante ans. Organisation de la plantation, entretien, biodiversité, retour sur investissement… Le projet représente une perte de surface agricole de 5 % et mérite réflexion.
La famille Duedal est branchée « agroforesterie ». Didier, le père et jeune retraité, a initié le projet. Mais, le fils a également les arbres dans les veines. C’est bien Hugo, avec la reprise de l’exploitation familiale, qui fera fructifier cet investissement à long terme. Produire des arbres de qualité impose d’y consacrer du temps pour la taille et l’entretien. Hugo, Corinne et Didier Duedal ont ainsi mûri le projet ensemble. La plantation des arbres en 2012 a nécessité deux ans de réflexion. « Même si nous sommes convaincus par la démarche, il faut intégrer le projet et accepter le changement de physionomie de la parcelle. Nous sommes partis pour plusieurs décennies », explique Didier Duedal.
Planter des arbres pour la qualité de l’eau et la biodiversité Avant l’enjeu économique, la volonté de développer la biodiversité a motivé Didier Duedal. La ferme est, en effet, située à proximité d’un point de captage d’eau. Le diagnostic « Aquaplaine » a révélé que les eaux de 2 000 hectares environnants transitent par l’exploitation. « Avec le travail du sol et les cultures mises en place, nous obligeons le système racinaire à descendre en profondeur. L’arbre récupère les éléments fertilisants et les phytosanitaires », détaille l’agriculteur. Moins rationnelle, la passion du bois a aussi motivé l’éleveur à replanter. Il aime les paysages boisés et les arbres nobles. Noyer, cormier, robinier, merisier, alisier, poirier ou pommier sont donc les essences sélectionnées. Elles sont adaptées au contexte pédoclimatique et permettent d’espérer une bonne valorisation.
Règlementation, technique, investissement : retrouvez l’interview de Yan Pivain, expert en agroforesterie .
Finances : un pari sur l’avenir Côté financier, l’évolution des modes rend les projections aléatoires. Varier les essences dilue le risque. Les arbres peuvent produire 1,5 m3 de bois. A titre indicatif, le mètre cube de noyer se négocie entre 350 et 900 euros, et le merisier de 70 à 100 euros. Les tarifs varient fortement selon la qualité du bois récolté. « Dans le meilleur des cas, ces arbres seront exploités par mes enfants à leur retraite. Ma première motivation n’est donc pas financière », indique Didier Duedal.
L’investissement atteint 35 € par arbre, dont les trois quarts pour la clôture. Ce dernier poste ne doit pas être négligé par les éleveurs pour protéger les plantations de leurs animaux. Un filet est aussi placé sur chaque plant pour le protéger de la faune sauvage. A l’époque, l’agence de l’eau a subventionné 80 % de la dépense. Cependant, les aides financières varient selon les régions .
Des lignes d’arbres tous les 26 mètres : un peu juste Sur cette ferme, les arbres ont été plantés tous les 8 mètres, sur des bandes espacées de 26 mètres. La largeur correspond à celles des outils utilisés sur la ferme, à savoir 24 mètres au maximum, plus deux mètres de bandes enherbées. « Je pense qu’il ne faut pas descendre en dessous de ce seuil pour des questions de lumière ». Afin de maximiser la luminosité, les arbres ont également été plantés dans un axe nord-sud. Cette disposition permet à 80 % de la lumière d’entrer dans la parcelle, même avec des arbres adultes. Néanmoins, si la famille Duedal devrait replanter, elle doublerait l’espacement entre les lignes. « 24 mètres, c’est juste pour les outils de certains entrepreneurs. En tant qu’éleveurs, avec 48 mètres cela faciliterait également la gestion du pâturage dynamique et limiterait le nombre de points d’eau. Nous aurions donc pu planter le même nombre d’arbres mais sur plus d’hectares », indique Hugo.
Des techniques à éviter Autre regret : ne pas avoir planté les arbres après une culture. « C’est plus difficile de semer une prairie sur une prairie. Du coup, nous avons raté notre bande enherbée. » Avec l’expérience, les agriculteurs conseillent de privilégier le paillage naturel des arbres. Les bâches se désagrègent et les agrafes doivent être retirées pour ne pas blesser les vaches.
Rythme de croisière La parcelle agroforestière est désormais en cycle de croisière. Avec un objectif : produire du bois d’œuvre. Les travaux de taille se réduiront au fil des années. Cette année, Hugo y a consacré deux heures pour 70 arbres. Tâche qui n’a cependant rien de fastidieuse pour lui : « c’est agréable de développer de nouvelle activité sur la ferme et de travailler sur un cycle long ». Rendez-vous en 2070 pour dresser le bilan.
Ces articles pourraient vous intéresser Les informations généralistes contenues dans cet article ne sauraient remplacer un diagnostic personnalisé des parcelles.
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