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Accueil Toutes les actualités agricoles Garder les oiseaux et animaux sauvages à distance des semis Garder les oiseaux et animaux sauvages à distance des semis Quelle technique d’effarouchement choisir ? Il convient tout d’abord de choisir une solution de protection adaptée à la taille de la parcelle à protéger. Pour les surfaces importantes, il faudra peut-être s’équiper de plusieurs unités. Souvent, couvrir toute la zone cultivée n’est pas nécessaire, il vaut mieux concentrer ses efforts sur les zones où les dégâts ont lieu de manière régulière.
L’environnement va aussi avoir un impact sur la solution choisie. Si la zone est proche d’habitations, il est préférable de sélectionner des effaroucheurs visuels plutôt que sonores. Malheureusement, les oiseaux n’entendent pas les ultrasons, il est donc nécessaire de rester dans des fréquences audibles par l’humain également. L’illustration ci-dessous permet de voir quelles fréquences sont audibles par les oiseaux.
Des nuisances sonores sont possibles si les émetteurs sonores sont positionnés trop près des maisons.
Des nuisances sonores sont possibles si les émetteurs sonores sont positionnés trop près des maisons.
Il est nécessaire de laisser au minimum 200 mètres entre les effaroucheurs qui émettent à puissance maximale et les zones habitées (c’est la distance que retiennent la plupart des arrêtés préfectoraux).
Il est aussi intéressant de placer l’appareil en tenant compte vents dominants de manière à ce que ceux-ci portent les sons vers les endroits à protéger et non vers les maisons.
Quelle espèce cause des dégâts sur les cultures ? L’espèce ou les espèces qui causent des dégâts doivent être identifiées en amont.
La corneille noire et le corbeau freux sont les deux principales espèces de corvidés à l’origine des déprédations sur les parcelles de maïs.
Le pigeon ramier est le principal déprédateur du tournesol, 74 % des dégâts d’oiseaux et petit gibiers sur tournesol sont occasionnés par les colombidés, principalement les pigeons ramiers. Les corvidés viennent en seconde position, suivis du lièvre.
Les sangliers, biches et autres cervidés peuvent aussi détruire les cultures, des semis à la récolte. Il existe des moyens d’effarouchement qui peuvent éloigner plusieurs sortes d’espèces. Il peut être judicieux, afin d’optimiser ces achats, de sélectionner les solutions les plus polyvalentes.
Comment avoir le meilleur effarouchement possible ? Il est primordial d’installer les moyens d’effarouchement au début de la période sensible des plantes . Par exemple, dès que le semis est en place pour le tournesol. Pour le maïs, les attaques peuvent démarrer au moment du semis et durent jusqu’au stade 4-5 feuilles voir 7-8 feuilles en fonction des conditions météorologiques.
Si le système est mis en place après le début des dégâts, il sera plus difficile de faire partir les oiseaux. Cela est encore plus vrai quand c’est fait au moment du resemis.
Le second point très important est qu’il faut déplacer régulièrement les solutions (cerfs-volants en forme de rapace, effaroucheurs sonores, etc.) mises en place régulièrement. De cette façon, l’effarouchement sera plus dynamique et c’est ainsi que l’on évite l’effet d’accoutumance.
Pour conclure, il est ici question d’agir sur la nature, vivante, et sur des territoires ayant chacun leurs propres spécificités. Aucune technique d’effarouchement ne propose d’efficacité totale. Il convient de trouver la plus adaptée et pour ce faire, n’hésitez pas à consulter des professionnels pour vous aider.
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