');background-position:center right 1rem;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:1rem;border:var(--idf-border-width-1) solid var(--idf-color-neutral-400);border-radius:var(--idf-border-radius-s);-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;color:var(--idf-color-neutral-700);cursor:pointer;font:unset;height:4rem;padding:var(--idf-spacing-2) var(--idf-spacing-5) var(--idf-spacing-2) var(--idf-spacing-2);-webkit-transition:all .35s ease;transition:all .35s ease;width:100%}.idf-select__select[data-v-91554806]:disabled,.idf-select__select[disabled][data-v-91554806]{background-color:var(--idf-color-neutral-100);background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8, 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100%}.idf-slideshow__indicator[data-v-cb408abf]{background-color:var(--idf-color-neutral-100);border-radius:100px;bottom:1.6rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;gap:var(--idf-spacing-1);padding:var(--idf-spacing-2);position:absolute;right:1.6rem;z-index:var(--idf-z-index-default)}.idf-slideshow__indicator-dot[data-v-cb408abf]{background-color:var(--idf-color-neutral-400);border-radius:100%;height:var(--idf-spacing-2);width:var(--idf-spacing-2)}.idf-slideshow__indicator-dot[data-v-cb408abf]:hover{background-color:var(--idf-color-neutral-700);cursor:pointer}.idf-slideshow__indicator-dot.active[data-v-cb408abf]{background-color:var(--idf-color-main-400)}.idf-slider__container[data-v-63cbc747]{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;justify-items:flex-start;overflow-x:auto;white-space:nowrap}.idf-slider__container[data-v-63cbc747]>*{-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0}.idf-standard-inputs[data-v-2c836b79]{--idf-icon-fill-color:currentColor;color:var(--idf-color-neutral-700);display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}.idf-standard-inputs-message[data-v-2c836b79]{-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:var(--idf-spacing-1)}.idf-standard-inputs-label[data-v-2c836b79]{font-weight:700;margin-bottom:var(--idf-spacing-1)}.idf-standard-inputs[data-v-2c836b79] 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Accueil Toutes les actualités agricoles C’est l’hiver, sortez les couverts végétaux ! C’est l’hiver, sortez les couverts végétaux ! © Fabien de Chavanes Depuis 2012, dans les zones vulnérables, les couverts végétaux des sols est rendue obligatoire par la Directive Nitrates (91/676/CEE). Quand certains n’y voyaient qu’une nouvelle contrainte réglementaire, d’autres ont cherché à en tirer profit dès le début. Aujourd’hui, les intérêts agronomiques et environnementaux de la couverture du sol ne sont plus à démontrer.
Les couverts végétaux mis en place en intercultures peuvent être des Cultures Intermédiaires Pièges A Nitrates (CIPAN), des Cultures Intermédiaires à Vocation Energétique (CIVE) ou des cultures dérobées ; toute végétation développant de la biomasse consomme les nitrates présents dans la parcelle et protège mécaniquement le sol.
Le choix de la CIPAN est fonction de sa capacité à absorber et à restituer l’azote pour la culture suivante. Avant implantation de la nouvelle culture, la CIPAN est enfouie et constitue un apport de matière organique. La CIVE est exportée pour être valorisée en tant que combustible, ou bien méthanisée (en co-génération). Quant à elle, la culture dérobée est destinée à être valorisée en fourrage ou ensilage, des espèces à fort potentiel de production de biomasse seront alors envisagées.
Lutte contre l’érosion, stockage du carbone, etc. Quels bénéfices associés aux couverts végétaux ? D’un point de vue environnemental, ces cultures constituent le levier le plus efficace pour limiter la pollution des eaux par les nitrates. Elles permettent aussi d’améliorer la qualité des sols via un enrichissement de la couche arable en carbone organique grâce à l’enfouissement des résidus. Elles contribuent à favoriser la biodiversité, à la fois végétale et animale (elle constitue un refuge pendant l’automne pour la faune, en particulier les petits gibiers). Sur le plan agronomique, la couverture du sol permet de lutter contre l’érosion des sols, améliorer leur structure, la vie microbienne et la quantité de matière organique des premiers horizons. Les couverts participent aussi à la fixation d’éléments minéraux comme le phosphore et la potasse. Cette combinaison de bénéfices peut avoir un effet positif global sur le rendement de la culture suivante.
Réussir son couvert passe par un choix optimal des espèces Sur le plan technique, les couverts végétaux ne présentent que des avantages ! Cependant, certaines conditions doivent être respectées pour les optimiser.
Tout d’abord, un semis rapide après récolte permet de profiter de l’humidité résiduelle pour une meilleure implantation.
Ensuite, le choix des espèces à implanter va être déterminant. Il convient de les adapter en fonction du rapport carbone sur azote du sol (C/N). Si celui-ci est élevé, des espèces produisant une biomasse avec un C/N moyen à faible sont à privilégier. En effet, celles-ci fourniront un humus labile, qui se minéralisera plus rapidement et sera plus facilement utilisable pour la culture suivante. A l’inverse, si le rapport C/N du sol est faible, il vaudra mieux opter pour un couvert C/N élevé, qui permettra d’enrichir le sol en matière organique durable.
Les associations d’espèces montrent des avantages, grâce à la combinaison de différentes caractéristiques : production de biomasse, port de la plante (dressé et ramifié), système racinaire (pivotant et fasciculé), etc. Cette complémentarité permet notamment de travailler plusieurs horizons du sol. L’introduction de légumineuses peut, elle aussi, être un plus via son apport d’azote pour la culture suivante.
Enfin, la destruction des couverts végétaux peut-être rendue difficile, en particulier pour l’agriculture de conservation des sols où le glyphosate (dont l’arrêt est programmé pour 2021) est l’un des piliers de la réussite. Le choix d’une espèce gélive peut donc être un critère important.
Autres articles sur le même thème Les informations délivrées dans la fiche offrent une connaissance générale des maladies et des solutions à envisager. Elles ne peuvent remplacer une observation adaptée des parcelles afin de bien identifier ses caractéristiques propres et la réalité des maladies.
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